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Natural Killer Cells

What are Natural Killer Cells ?

Natural Killer Cells are an important first line of defense against newly arising malignant cells and cells infected with viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. They form a distinct group of lymphocytes with no immunological memory and are independent of the adaptive immune system. Natural Killer Cells constitute 5 to 16 percent of the total lymphocyte population. Their specific function is to kill infected and cancerous cells.

Why test for Natural Killer Cell Function

• The level of Natural Killer Cell Function correlates with the severity of symptoms in Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS).

• Low Natural Killer Cell Function is a risk factor in the development of malignancies.

• Natural Killer Cell Function is low immediately preceding viral and bacterial infections.

• Studies have shown correlations between low Natural Killer Cell Function and a variety of nutritional deficiencies such as:

  • Protein deficiency

  • Calorie deficiency (Fad Diets)

  • Vitamin deficiency (D, E, C,)

  • Trace Mineral deficiency (Cd., Zn, Mn.)

• After evaluation and detection of low Natural Killer Cell Function, specific nutritional supplementation can increase the Natural Killer Cell Function and improve the well-being of patients with nutritional deficiencies.

Who should be tested for Natural Killer Cell Function ?

Natural Killer Cell Function Analysis should be performed on patients experiencing or suspected of:

• Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS)

• Protein Calorie Malnutrition

• Vitamin and /or Trace Mineral Deficiency

• Repeated Infections

• Autoimmune Disorders

• Chemotherapy

• Treatment with Biological Modifiers such as Interleukin 2

While the number of Natural Killer Cell (CD3-CD16+CD56+) often parallels their function, it is not always the case. Therefore, to assess Natural Killer Cells, it is essential to perform both the quantitative and function assays. (Test #2704 Natural Killer Cell Evaluation: Function & Quantification).

Method

Antibody Assay Laboratories has adapted McGinnes and Chapman's method for measuring the function of Natural Killer Cells. This method uses K562 cells as the target cells that are labeled with fluorescent dye instead of radioactive chromium. Viability is then measured using a flow cytometer. The advantages of this method are increases in specificity, sensitivity and the absence of radioactivity in the assay.

Cell function studies are of necessity technically complex and Natural Killer Cell Function Studies are no exception. Antibody Assay Laboratories will be performing the Natural Killer Cell Function Assay on samples drawn Monday through Friday.

 Specimen Requirements for #2704 Natural Killer Cell Evaluation

7ml whole blood EDTA (1-Lavender Top Tube)

20ml whole blood ACD (2-Yellow Top Tubes)

Note: Draw specimens Monday through Friday and ship overnight at room temperature via overnight carrier. Please contact AAL to arrange the reversal of shipping charges.

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References

1. McGinnes K., Chapman G., Marks R., et al., A Fluorescence Natural Killer Cell Assay Using the Flow Cytometer. J Immunol Methods 80 1984 70-85.

2. Kantor V.K., Whiteside T.L., Friberg D., et al., Natural Killer Cell Activities Associated With Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 35 694-699 1992.

3. Calligiuri M., Murray C., Buchwald D., et al., Phemotypic and Functional Deficiency of Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Immunol 139 3306-3313 1987.

4. Morelli E., Sola P., Faglioni P., Natural Killer Cells and Lymphocyte Subsets in Active MS and Acute Inflammations of the CNS. Acta Neuro Scand. 84 127-131 1991.

5. Kelley D.S., et al., Energy restriction decrease number of circulating Natural Killer Cells and Serum Levels of Immunoglobulins in Overweight Women. European J. Clin . Nut. 48 9-18 1994.

6. Kishino Y and Moriguchi S., Nutritional Factors an Cellular Immune Responses. Nutr Health, 8 133-141 1992.

7. Villa M.L., et al., Reduced Natural Killer Cell Activity and IL2 Production in Malnourished Cancer patients. Brit.J. Cancer, 63 1010-1014 1991.

8. Gogos. C.A., et al., Effect of Different Types of Total Parental Nutrition on T Lymphocyte Sub Populations and NK Cells. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 51 119-22 1990.

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